The Role of Realistic Threats to Prejudice against Ethnic Chinese in Indonesia
Keywords:
Chinese, Prejudice, Threat
Abstract
Minority groups tend to be prejudiced by other groups, including Chinese Indonesian. Chinese Indonesians have massive power in Indonesia's economy and hence are considered a threat to occupation and housing opportunities. This study aims to understand realistic threats that would predict prejudice toward Chinese Indonesian. A quantitative method with a cross-sectional survey was conducted for data collection. Sample criteria include 18 years above and belonging to several ethnicities, Javanese, Sundanese, Maduranese, Bugis, Minangkabau, Malayan, and Batavian. Two hundred forty-one respondents participated in this study. This study found realistic threat predicted prejudice toward Chinese Indonesian. Realistic threat explains 18% prejudice toward Chinese Indonesian. Practical and theoretical implications were discussed further.
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References
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Bilven, B., Nyúl, B., &; Kende, A. (2022). Exclusive victimhood, higher ethnic and lower national identities predict less support for reconciliation among native and Chinese Indonesians through mutual prejudice. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 91, 262–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2022.10.011
Brochu, P. M., &; Cadwalader, K. H. (2021). Prejudice. In T. K. Shackelford &; V. A. Weekes-Shackelford (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science (pp. 6140–6146). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_3299
Burhan, O. K., &; Sani, J. (2013). Prasangka Terhadap Etnis Tionghoa Di Kota Medan: Peran Identitas Nasional Dan Persepsi Ancaman: Prejudice Towards Chinese Ethnic Group In Medan: The Roles Of National Identity And Perceived Threats. Psikologia: Journal of Psychological Thought and Research, 8(1), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.32734/psikologia.v8i1.2562
Butz, D. A., &; Yogeeswaran, K. (2011). A new threat in the air: Macroeconomic threat increases prejudice against Asian Americans. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(1), 22–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.07.014
Chua, C. (2004). Defining Indonesian Chineseness under the New Order. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 34(4), 465–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472330480000221
Croucher, S. M., Nguyen, T., &; Rahmani, D. (2020). Prejudice Toward Asian Americans in the Covid-19 Pandemic: The Effects of Social Media Use in the United States. Frontiers in Communication, 5, 39. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2020.00039
Fakhiransyah. (2023, January 10). The mysterious trail of "the dragon" Aguan rules Jakarta's property. CNBC Indonesia. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/market/20230110104653-17-404224/jejak-misterius-sang-naga-aguan-menguasai-properti-jakarta
Fossati, D., Foong, H., &; Country, S. (2017). The Indonesia National Survey Project: Economy, society and politics. Trends in Southeast Asia, 2017.
Golec de Zavala, A., &; Cichocka, A. (2012). Collective Narcissism and Anti-Semitism in Poland: The Mediating Role of Siege Beliefs and the Conspiracy Stereotype of Jews. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 15(2), Article 2.
Herlijanto, J. (2019). Old Stereotypes, New Convictions: Pribumi Perceptions of Ethnic Chinese in Indonesia Today.
Irene, G., & Mercy, S. (2020). Do Intergroup Threats Provoke Intergroup Anxiety? An Experimental Study on Chinese Ethnic Group in Indonesia. Journal of Social Psychology, 18(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.7454/jps.2020.24
Jedinger, A., &; Eisentraut, M. (2020). Exploring the Differential Effects of Perceived Threat on Attitudes Toward Ethnic Minority Groups in Germany. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02895
Kang, H. (2021). Sample size determination and power analysis using the G*Power software. Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions, 18, 17. https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2021.18.17
Kuntjara, E., &; Hoon, C.-Y. (2020). Reassessing Chinese Indonesian stereotypes: Two decades after Reformasi. South East Asia Research, 28(2), 199–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/0967828X.2020.1729664
Lie, S., &; Sandel, T. (2020). Unwelcomed Guests: Cultural Discourse Analysis of Comments on Ethnic Chinese in Indonesian Social Media. Journal of Chinese Overseas, 16(1), 31–57. https://doi.org/10.1163/17932548-12341412
Makashvili, A., Vardanashvili, I., &; Javakhishvili, N. (2018). Testing Intergroup Threat Theory: Realistic and Symbolic Threats, Religiosity and Gender as Predictors of Prejudice. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 14(2), 464–484. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v14i2.1483
Mashuri, A., &; Zaduqisti, E. (2015). The effect of intergroup threat and social identity salience on the belief in conspiracy theories over terrorism in indonesia: Collective angst as a mediator. International Journal of Psychological Research, 8(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.642
Mustajab, A. (2017). WAHID'S POLITICAL POLICY TOWARDS CHINESE CHINESE IN INDONESIA. IN RIGHT: Journal of Religion and Human Rights, 5(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.14421/inright.v5i1.1293
Mother Earth, Y. G., Geers, A. L., &; Lee, Y.-T. (2020). Rethinking intergroup contact across cultures: Predicting outgroup evaluations using different types of contact, group status, and perceived sociopolitical contexts. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 14, e16. https://doi.org/10.1017/prp.2020.9
Son, I. (2016). Representations and Discourse about Religion and Chinese Descendants in 2012 Jakarta's Election. The Qualitative Report. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2016.2518
Son, I. E., Wagner, W., Holtz, P., &; Rufaedah, A. (2021). Accounting for a Riot: Religious Identity, Denying One's Prejudice, and the Tool of Blasphemy. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 9(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.5565
Setijadi, C. (2017). Singapore | 27 September 2017 Chinese Indonesians in the Eyes of the Pribumi Public. 2017, 12.
Setijadi, C. (2019). Anti-Chinese sentiment and the 'return' of the indigenous discourse. In Contentious Belonging (pp. 194–213). https://doi.org/10.1355/9789814843478-015
Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (2000). An integrated threat theory of prejudice. In Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 23–45). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., & Morrison, K. R. (2009). Intergroup threat theory. In Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination (pp. 43–59). Psychology Press.
Sudiana, G. N., Ihsan, H., &; Nurendah, G. (2020). Intergroup Contact and Demographics as Predictors of Sundanese Prejudice against Chinese Ethnicity. MEDIATION, 6(2), 145–156.
Suharyanto, A. (2015). Citizenship Status of Ethnic Chinese After Law Number 12 of 2006 in Medan City. JPPUMA: Journal of Governance and Political Social UMA (Journal of Governance and Political Social UMA), 3(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.31289/jppuma.v3i2.903
Sujatmika, A., &; Probowati, Y. (2016). THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RIGHT-WING AUTHORITARIANISM AND SOCIAL DOMINANCE ORIENTATION WITH ETHNIC PREJUDICE IN STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SURABAYA. CALYPTRA, 5(1), Article 1.
Tanasaldy, T. (2015). Orientation and Citizenship Status of teh Indonesian Chinese and Political Implications. Dalam State, Society, and Minorities in South and Southeast Asia. https://www.academia.edu/15049539/Orientation_and_Citizenship_Status_of_teh_Indonesian_Chinese_and_Political_Implications
Tanasaldy, T. (2022). From Official to Grassroots Racism: Transformation of Anti-Chinese Sentiment in Indonesia. The Political Quarterly, 93(3), 460–468. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.13148
Tjipto, S., Haksi Mayawati, E., &; Bernardo, A. B. I. (2019). Perceived Threat of Homosexuals in Indonesia: Construct, Measurement, and Correlates. Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia, 23(2), 181. https://doi.org/10.7454/hubs.asia.1111219
Váradi, L., Barna, I., &; Németh, R. (2021). Whose Norms, Whose Prejudice? The Dynamics of Perceived Group Norms and Prejudice in New Secondary School Classes. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.524547
Winata, F. F. (2021). The influence of belief in Jewish conspiracy theories on modern racism against China-Indonesia mediated by social distance towards China-Indonesia [AIRLANGGA UNIVERSITY]. https://repository.unair.ac.id/108997/
Published
2023-08-29
How to Cite
Rikardi, A. (2023). The Role of Realistic Threats to Prejudice against Ethnic Chinese in Indonesia. Madani Jurnal Politik Dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan, 15(02), 310-321. Retrieved from http://www.e-jurnal.unisda.ac.id/index.php/MADANI/article/view/4871
Section
Articles
